Automatic insights for multi-dimensional data

ABSTRACT

Automatically identifying insights from a dataset and presenting the insights graphically and in natural language text ranked by importance is provided. Different data types and structures in the dataset are automatic recognized and matched with a corresponding specific analysis type. The data is analyzed according to the determined corresponding analysis types, and insights from the analysis are automatically identified. The insights within a given insight type and between insight types are ranked and presented in order of importance. Insights include those having multiple pipelined attributes and other insights include multiple insights identified as having some relationship for the included insights.

BACKGROUND

Multi-dimensional data is a typical and prevalent type of data for analysis tasks such as Business Intelligence analysis. As used herein, multi-dimensional data is data organized in a tabular format (i.e., multi-dimensional table) that includes a set of records as rows in the table, and each record is represented by a set of properties as columns in the table. Such analysis tasks result in reports summarizing insights obtained from the data being analyzed. Desirable analysis reports include various types of insights, which are typically discovered by human exploration of the multi-dimensional data assisted by some automatic data mining techniques. However, such insight discovery tasks are typically difficult and time consuming due to the complexity of multi-dimensional data analysis and the lack of comprehensive mining technology for various insights reduces a user ability to fully interact with multi-dimensional data.

SUMMARY

Concepts and technologies are described herein for providing an automated mechanism that provides systematic and comprehensive insight mining of multi-dimensional data.

An example computing device that provides the automated mechanism includes a processor and a memory having computer-executable instructions stored thereupon. The computer-executable instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the computing device to access multi-dimensional data and receive auto-generated insights related to data subspaces within a data set.

Multi-dimensional data analysis with auto insights, specifically by using insights that are automatically mined provide hints, guides, and proceed the analysis flow, in hope of approaching desirable analysis results more quickly. Desirable insights may have the following characteristics,

-   -   A proper unit of knowledge discovered from the data being         analyzed, as natural building block of analysis flow and         resultant report     -   Informative as either surprising/interesting/important facts or         supporting/explanatory facts, as hints and clues to seamlessly         connect and interact with data exploration

It should be appreciated that the above-described subject matter may also be implemented as a computer-controlled apparatus, a computer process, a computing system, or as an article of manufacture, such as a computer-readable medium. These and various other features will be apparent from a reading of the following Detailed Description and a review of the associated drawings.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended that this Summary be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate various embodiments of the present invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a system for automatically identifying insights from a dataset and presenting the insights ranked by importance;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are example outputs of various meta insights;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an example method for automatically identifying insights from a dataset and presenting the insights ranked by importance;

FIGS. 4A and 4B show a flow chart of an example method for identifying, scoring, ranking and diversifying insights; and

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example business intelligent computing device and remote user computing device, which implement the operations shown in FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Concepts and technologies are described herein for an automated mechanism that analyzes complex multi-dimensional data to identify significant insights of subspaces within one or more datasets of the multi-dimensional data.

Overview

A user operating an example computing device identifies a data set of one or more subspaces. The data is taken from previously defined multi-dimensional data. The computing device identifies attributes of the subspaces, then determines if an attribute of a subspace differs from an attribute of other subspaces by a threshold amount. Insights are identified for those subspaces that are determined to differ by the threshold amount. The insights include two or more different types. The computing device orders the identified insights based on various comparisons between the insights. Then, the computing device presents a portion of the insights based at least on the ordering.

The different types of insight may be a numerical insight having a value, a time-based insight having a time component or a compound insight having insights based on two or more subspaces.

The computing device orders by scoring a portion of the insights and ranking the scored insights. The computing device scores by determining an impact value for the insights based at least on a market share rating of the associated subspaces. The market share rating is based on a relevance of the subspace associated with the insight to other comparable subspaces. Then, the computing device determines a significance value of the individual one of the insights, normalizes at least one of the impact value or significance value to the range [0, 1] and determines the score for the individual one of the insights based at least on the impact value and the significance value.

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawing and the following description to refer to the same or similar elements. While example implementations may be described, modifications, adaptations, and other implementations are possible. For example, substitutions, additions, or modifications may be made to the elements illustrated in the drawings, and the methods described herein may be modified by substituting, reordering, or adding stages to the disclosed methods.

Referring now to the drawings, in which like numerals represent like elements, various embodiments will be described. FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example system architecture with components for automatically identifying insights from a dataset and presenting the insights ranked by importance. The system architecture includes a business intelligence (BI) computing device 100 and a user computing device 102. The BI computing device 100 may be one of a variety of suitable computing devices described below with reference to FIG. 5. For example, the BI computing device 100 or the user computing device 102 may include a tablet computing device, a desktop computer, a mobile communication device, a laptop computer, a laptop/tablet hybrid computing device, a gaming device, or other type of computing device for performing a variety of tasks.

The BI computing device 100 may include a processor 108, a network interface 114 and an insight engine 112. A data store 104 includes one or more multi-dimensional data structures. The data store 104 may be directly connected to the BI computing device 100 or may be connected via a network 106 or another network to the BI computing device 100. The user computing device 102 may include a processor 118, a display device 120, a user interface 122 and a network interface 124. The network interfaces 114, 124 allow the respective computing devices to communicate with other computing devices over the network 106, such as a public or private data network. A user of the user computing device 102 may request access to a multi-dimensional data structure stored in the data store 104. This request may be in the form of interaction with a webpage produced by the processor 108 via the network interface 114. The processor 108 upon execution of the insight engine 112 performs insight analysis of one or more datasets of the requested multi-dimensional data structure or other unrequested multi-dimensional data structures. Upon completion of the insight analysis, one or more insights may be presented via the display 120 to the user at the time soon after the user making the request via the user interface 122. Insight analysis is described in detail below.

Multi-dimensional data allows for various types of analysis tasks such as BI analysis. Table 1 shows an example of a multi-dimensional dataset about car sales.

TABLE 1 Year Quarter Brand Model Market Sales Profit 2008 Q1 Ford SUV USA 110,798 5,460 2008 Q2 Ford SUV USA 88,548 3,875 2008 Q3 Ford SUV USA 118,637 5,900 2008 Q4 Ford SUV USA 147,569 6,490 2009 Q1 Honda Midsize China 51,040 2,200 2009 Q2 Honda Midsize China 35,789 1,870 2009 Q3 Honda Midsize China 68,453 3,100 2009 Q4 Honda Midsize China 79,322 3,980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Multi-dimensional data is conceptually organized in a tabular format (i.e., multi-dimensional table) that includes a set of records as rows in the table, and each record is represented by a set of properties as columns in the table.

The multi-dimensional data includes two types of columns—dimension and measure. Dimension column and measure column are mutually exclusive, which means a column in a multi-dimensional table will be either a dimension or a measure but not both.

Dimensions represent basic and intrinsic properties of records in the table, e.g., “Brand” and “Year” for the car sales dataset. Dimensions are used to group and filter the records, based on equality and inequality of the dimension values. Dimensions fall into two major types according to their value domains—categorical and ordinal. Specifically, a categorical dimension takes categorical values (e.g., “Brand” for car sales), while an ordinal dimension takes ordinal values (e.g., “Year” for car sales).

Categorical and ordinal are used to categorize dimensions mainly for characterizing their intrinsic ability to reflect ordering, but not to limit their usage scenarios. There may be ordinal dimensions with non-numerical values (e.g., an “Age” dimension could also take “Infants”, “Children”, “Teens”, and etc. as values). When ordering is not an important aspect in the analysis task, ordinal dimensions may be used just as categorical dimensions.

For records, measures reflect attached and quantitative properties that are related to the analysis task (e.g., “Sales” and “Profit” for the car sales dataset). The values in measure columns are typically numerical values.

For a dataset, subspace is a concept representing a subset of records. Specifically, a subspace is defined by a set of <dimension: value> pairs as filtering constraint, and the subspace contains exactly all the records that satisfy the filtering constraint in the given dataset. For a given dataset, there is a special subspace with no filtering constrain in its definition, denoted as the * subspace that includes all the records in the given dataset.

The following describes different relationships of subspaces.

When subspace A's definition is subset of subspace B's definition differing in only one pair of <dimension: value> filter, A and B are in a parent-child relationship—A is a parent subspace of B and B is a child subspace of A, regarding the only dimension that is present in B's definition but absent in A's definition.

Parent-child relationship of subspaces infers the following properties:

-   -   When B is a child subspace of A, B's records will be subset of         A's records.     -   The number of B's parent subspaces equals to the number of         <dimension: value> filtering pairs in B's definition.

When subspace A and B have the same number of <dimension: value> filtering pairs and only differ in one filtering pair by the same dimension but different values, A and B are in a sibling relationship.

Furthermore, given a dataset, all the subspaces that share the same parent subspace form a sibling group of subspaces.

Sibling relationship and sibling group of subspaces infer the following properties:

-   -   When A and B are sibling subspaces, their intersection of         records will be empty.     -   The union of the records in all the subspaces in a sibling group         will equal to exactly all the records in their shared parent         subspace.

Knowledge and insight are based on quantitative characteristics of data subsets. In addition to subspace definition, which characterizes the subspace by reflecting the commonness of the data records in it regarding dimension values, the subspace can also be characterized using attributes that are derived based on measures. Direct aggregation on some measure for a subspace may be an attribute, e.g., the SUM aggregate on the “Sales” measure for the {Brand: Ford Market: China} subspace is an attribute reflecting the total sales of Ford cars in China. Derived calculation based on measure aggregation could also be an attribute, e.g., the ranking position of sales SUM for the subspace {Brand: Ford Market: China} comparing with its sibling subspaces regarding other “Brand”s, or the trend of sales SUM for the subspace {Brand: Ford Market: China} over “Year”s (based on the sales SUM results for {Brand: Ford Market: China, Year: 2008}, and etc. respectively).

The preceding example illustrates the fact that attributes can be piped—the result of one attribute calculation can be the input of another attribute calculation and iteratively forms an attribute pipeline with meaningful semantics. Table 2 lists example attributes that can be used to form various attribute pipelines. For example, Sum_(Sales) piped with DiffFromPrev_(Year) piped with Rank_(Brand) for the subspace {Brand: Ford, Year: 2009} corresponds to the ranking position of “Ford” across all “Brand”s regarding “Sales” increase of the “Year” 2009; while the same three attributes in different pipeline order corresponds to different semantics −Sum_(Sales) piped with Rank_(Brand) piped with DiffFromPrev_(Year) corresponds to the “Sales” ranking position change of “Ford” in the “Year” 2009 across all “Brand”s. More such pipelined attributes can be added.

TABLE 2 Type Category Notation Description Remark Raw attribute Aggregation Sum_(m)(S) Sum on (taking records measure m in the subspace S Avg_(m)(S) Average on as input) measure m Max_(m)(S) Max of measure m Min_(m)(S) Min of measure m Cnt(S) Count of records Cnt_(m)(S) Count of distinct values of measure m Cnt_(d)(S) Count of distinct values of dimension d Derived point- Accumulation RunningSum_(d)(S) Accumulative d is a attribute (taking sum of S and temporal raw attributes or S's predecessor dimension derived point- sibling attributes of S subspaces and other regarding corresponding dimension d subspaces as Running Avg_(d)(S) Accumulative input) average of S and S's predecessor sibling subspaces regarding dimension d Difference DiffFromAvg_(d)(S) Difference between S and the average over S's sibling group regarding dimension d DiffFromMin_(d)(S) Difference between S and the minimum of S's sibling group regarding dimension d DiffFromMax_(d)(S) Difference between S and the maximum of S's sibling group regarding dimension d DiffFromPrev_(d)(S) Difference d is a between S and temporal S's predecessor dimension sibling subspace regarding dimension d DiffFromFirst_(d)(S) Difference between S and the first subspace of S's sibling group regarding dimension d DiffFromLast_(d)(S) Difference between S and the last subspace of S's sibling group regarding dimension d Positioning Rank_(d)(S) Ranking position of S in S's sibling group regarding dimension d Percentage_(d)(S) Percentage of S The input against S's attribute is sibling group additive regarding and non- dimension d negative Derived shape- Time series TimeSeries_(d)(S) The time series d is a attribute (taking formed by S temporal raw attributes or breaking down dimension derived point- by dimension d outside S's attributes of S definition and other corresponding subspaces as input)

So based on the preceding discussion about multi-dimensional data, attributes and attribute pipeline, an example insight definition is as follows:

Definition 1 Basic insight—given a multi-dimensional dataset as analysis context, a basic insight is a fact of

-   -   Single insight—a subspace with an significantly uncommon value         (based on a threshold value/setting) of attribute compared to         its sibling subspaces or parent subspaces;     -   Compound insight—a significantly uncommon relationship among         some subspaces.

The relationship of two subspaces may be characterized by their subspace relationship together with the relationships between their attributes. For example, the subspaces {Brand: Ford} and {Brand: Ford Market: China} are in the parent-child subspace relationship, when their “Sales” trends (TimeSeries attribute) over “Year”s have a significant positive correlation relationship, the two subspaces and such uncommon relationships can form an insight.

So a basic insight may include the following three components.

-   -   One (for single insight) or a number [>1] of subspaces (for         compound insight) as subjects of the insight;     -   A calculation in the form of an attribute or an         attribute-pipeline as the perspective to characterize the         subject(s) and (for compound insight) their relationship;     -   An insight type as the perspective from which the calculation         result is uncommon, and the corresponding score reflecting both         the importance of its subject(s) and the uncommonness of its         calculation result.

Table 3 provides example insight categories and types.

TABLE 3 Insight category Insight type Description Single insight Outstanding No. 1 Among a comparison group with non-negative based on raw aggregation results, Outstanding #1 shows the attribute or fact that the leading value is remarkably higher derived point- than all the remaining values. (But not as high attribute as being dominant, introduced later with Attribution) Outstanding Similar to Outstanding No. 1, it is for negative No. last aggregation results and shows the fact that the most negative value is remarkably lower than all the remaining values. Outstanding top 2 Similar to Attribution, it shows the fact that the leading two values are remarkably higher than the remaining values, and they dominate the group together. Single insight Trend A time series has an obvious trend based on derived (increase/decrease) with a certain turbulence shape-attribute level (steadily/with turbulence). Seasonality A time series shows clear seasonality. Outlier Within a time series, a point is an outlier. Change point Within a time series, a point is a change point regarding different shapes of its preceding and successive parts. Compound Correlation Two time series have remarkable insight positive/negative correlation with a certain leading/lagging time offset. Attribution Among a comparison group, Attribution shows the fact that the leading value dominates the aggregate of the group.

Regarding an insight candidate (i.e., an insight not ready to be outputted to user), as an example implementation, the score is a combination of the following two factors:

-   -   Impact—it reflects the importance of the subject subspace(s) of         the insight against the entire dataset. Such impact can be         determined by the best possible perspective for promoting the         subspaces regarding any measures and calculations and their         combinations. The intuition is as follows—when considering an         insight about subspace A, the ranking of the insight should be         higher when A is more important, and A's importance should be         determined by the best possible perspective to promote;     -   Significance—it reflects purely the significance of the insight         itself.

The Impact and Significance are normalized for fairness of comparison. For example, when both Impact and Significance are normalized in the [0,1] interval, their direct product is used as the score of the insight for ranking. Other methods of combining Impact and Significance may be used to calculate a score. Table 4 shows examples of significance value calculations for the different insight types.

TABLE 4 Insight type Description Significance Outstanding Among a Given a group of non-negative numerical No. 1 comparison group values {x} and their biggest value x_(max), the with non-negative significance of x_(max) being Outstanding No. 1 aggregation of {x} is defined based on the p-value against results, Outstanding the null hypothesis of {x} obeys an ordinary No. 1 shows the fact long-tail distribution. The p-value will be that the leading value calculated as follows: is remarkably higher 1. sort {x} in descending order; than all the 2. assume the long-tail shape obeys a remaining values. poer-law function. Then, regression (But not as high as analysis is conducted for the values in being dominant, {x}\x_(max) using power-law functions αi^(-β), which will be where i is an order index; introduced later 3. assume the regression residuals obey a with Attribution) Gaussian distribution. Then, the residuals in the preceding regression analysis are used to train a Gaussian model H; 4. use the regression model to predict x_(max) and get the corresponding residual R; 5. The p-value will calculated via P(R|H). Outstanding Similar to As a mirror of Outstanding No. 1 No. last Outstanding No. 1, it is for negative aggregation results and shows the fact that the most negative value is remarkably lower than all the remaining values. Attribution Among a Subspace S and one of its child subspaces S' comparison group form an Attribution insight regarding a certain with non-negative measure when the market share of S is aggregation dominated by S'. The significance of S and S' results, Attribution forming an Attribution insight is defined shows the fact that based on such dominancy. And currently the the leading value dominancy is straightforwardly translated as dominates (accounting for >= ${\frac{S^{\prime}}{S} \times 100\%}\; \geqq {50\%}$ 50% market share while the significance is calculated with a of) the group. Sigmoid function $\frac{1}{1 + e^{- {\lambda {({\frac{S^{\prime}}{S} - \mu})}}}},$ where μ = 0.5 and λ = 100 in our current implementation. Trend A time series has For a time series X, currently the Trend an obvious trend insight is defined for an interval X_(i) between (increase/decrease) two successive change points (including the with a certain start and end points) of X to reflect a turbulence level relatively sustained trend of X_(i), And the (steadily/with significance of X_(i)'s trend is defined based on turbulence). the following three factors. 1. SlopeSignificance - it reflects the extend of how fast the trend increases/decreases. Here a Sigmoid function is used $\frac{1}{1 + e^{- {\lambda {({{{Math}.{{Abs}({{average}{\mspace{11mu} \;}{slope}{\mspace{11mu} \;}{of}\mspace{11mu} {Xi}})}} - \mu})}}}},$ where μ = 0.15 and λ = 50 in our current implementation. 2. SteadinessSignificance - it reflects the extend of how steadily the trend moves. Here a Sigmoid function is used $\frac{1}{1 + e^{- {\lambda {(\begin{matrix} {{Mean}\mspace{14mu} {Square}\mspace{14mu} {Root}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {{Xi}'}s\mspace{14mu} {residule}} \\ {{{regarding}{\; \;}{trend}}\mspace{14mu} - \mu} \end{matrix})}}}},$ where μ = 0.10 and λ = 50 in our current implementation. 3. ConsistencySignificance - it reflects the extend of how consistent the trend keeps increasing/decreasing. Here a Sigmoid funcation is used $\frac{1}{1 + e^{\begin{matrix} {- {\lambda({{Ratio}\mspace{14mu} {of}{\mspace{11mu} \;}{number}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {increasing}}}} \\ {{{{or}\mspace{14mu} {decrasin}\; g{\mspace{11mu} \;}{segments}}\mspace{11mu} - \mu})} \end{matrix}}},$ where μ = 0.667 and λ = 50 in our current implementation. 4. The significance of X having remarkable trend is defined based on the product of the three factors above. Seasonality A time series The significance of a time-series signal X shows clear being seasonal is defined based on the p- seasonality. value of X's spectrum against the null hypothesis of X's spectrum representing a non-seasonal signal. The p-value will be calculated as follows: 1. We get X's frequency spectrum X' using FFT; 2. We have a known distribution H for the frequency spectrums of non-seasonal time-series signals: 3. the p-value will be calculated via P(X'|H). Correlation Two times series The significance of two time-series signals X have remarkable and Y being correlated is defined based on the positive/negative p-value of (X, Y)'s CCF (Cross Correlation correlation. Function) curve against the null hypothesis of (X, Y)'s CCF curve representing two non- correlated signals. The p-value will be calculated as follows: 1. We (X,Y)'s CFF curve Z using a conjugate product operator in their frequency domain after applying FFT; 2. We have a known distribution H for the CCF curves for non-correlated signals; 3. The p-value will be calculated via P(Z'|H). Outstanding Similar to Given a group of non-negative numerical top 2 Attribution and values {x} and their leading two values x₀ and Outstanding No. 1, x₁ {x₀ ≥ x₁}, (x₀, x₁) is defined as being among a Outstanding to 2 of {x} when comparison group 1. x₀ is not Outstanding No. 1 of {x}; with non-negative 2. x₁ is Outstanding No. 1 of {x}\x₀ aggregation The significance of (x₀, x₁) being Outstanding results, top 2 of {x} is defined as being equal to the Outstanding top 2 significance of x₁ being Outstanding No. 1 of shows the fact that {x}\x₀. the leading two values are remarkably higher than the remaining values and jointly dominate the group. Change point Change point of A change point can be a mean-value change time-series signals point or curve-slope change point or both. The regarding corresponding significances are defined as significant change follows, respectively. When a change point is of (1) mean value both mean-value and curve-slope change or (2) curve slope point, it takes the higher significance value. or (3) their 1. A change point candidate is evaluated combination againist its left window of n preceding between its points and its right windows of n preceding and successive points, denoted as {X_(left), sucessive regions Y_(left)} and (X_(right), Y_(right)} respectively. The entire window surrounding the change point candidate is denoted as {X, Y}. 2. For mean-value change point a. ${\hat{Y}}_{left} = \frac{\sum y_{left}}{n}$ ${\hat{Y}}_{right} = \frac{\sum y_{right}}{\underset{\Cap}{n}}$ b. $\sigma_{\mu \; y} = {{\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\sigma_{y}} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}\sqrt{\frac{\sum y^{2}}{2n} - \left( \frac{\sum y}{2n} \right)^{2}}}}$ c. $k_{mean} = \frac{{{\overset{\_}{Y}}_{left} - {\overset{\_}{Y}}_{right}}}{\sigma_{\mu \; y}}$ and the significance is defined based on the p-value of k_(mean) against Gaussian distribution N(0, 1). 3. For curve-slope change point a. Using Least Squares regression, intercept β_(left,0), slope β_(left,1) for {X_(left), Y_(left)}, and square error are attained ϵ_(left) ² = Σ(y_(left) - β_(left,0) - x_(left)β_(left,1))², and the same for {X_(right), Y_(right)} b. Σ(y_(left) - β_(left,0) - x_(left)β_(left,1))², and similarly σ_(right, slope) ² c. $k_{slope} = \frac{{\beta_{{left},1} - \beta_{{right},1}}}{\sqrt{\sigma_{{left},{slope}}^{2} + \sigma_{{right},{slope}}^{2}}}$ and the significance is defined based on the p-value of k_(slope) against Gaussian distribution N(0, 1). Outliner Outliner of time- A point is considered as an outlier of a time series signals series when it deviates from the trend (low- frequency components) significantly further than (1) the majority of the points and (2) its neighbor points. The significance is defined as follows. 1. For a time-series signal X, its trend (low-frequency components) signal X' is determined 2. For each point of the time-series signal, its redial regarding the trend is denoted as R = X - X' 3. The significance of a point x being outlier is defined based on the p-value of R(x) against Gaussian distribution N(R_(median), 3R_(median))

Extensible Search Framework for Insight Mining

Conceptually, a search framework enumerates and evaluates insight candidates regarding the three components of insight definition—subspace, insight type, and calculation. In practice, the insight candidate to be evaluated can be enumerated by the search framework in an alternative form of context with the following hierarchical logic:

-   -   The search framework enumerates subject subspaces in the top         hierarchy;         -   Each single subspace will be used as the subject of single             insights to be evaluated;         -   Each set of subspaces in parent-child or sibling (as in an             example implementation) or other relationships will be used             as the subjects of compound insights to be evaluated.

The search framework enumerates calculations in the second hierarchy.

-   -   A calculation for a subject subspace or a set of subject         subspaces can be either         -   A raw attribute—measures/dimensions are enumerated for the             raw attribute calculation; or         -   An attribute pipeline—attributes in the pipeline and the             dimensions/measures for the calculation of each of the             attribute in the pipeline are enumerated.             For each context of subject subspace(s) plus calculation             from the second hierarchy, the search framework enumerates             insight types to be evaluated in the third hierarchy.

In short, the search framework enumerates 3-tuples <subject subspace(s), calculation, insight type> in three hierarchies, and each specific combination by a 3-tuple determines a specific insight candidate to be evaluated. In this section, this provides an extensible design of the search framework regarding the search for 3-tuples, and leaves the search prioritization and result ranking to later sections. Extensible means that it can support new insight types.

Isolation of Computing Task Units

Isolation of computing functions (i.e., task units) is performed so that adding new insight types can introduce minimum impact on the framework. In one implementation the following three kinds of computing task units are defined separately.

-   -   Subspace search unit—it corresponds to the top-hierarchy         enumeration for enumerating subject subspaces.     -   Calculation search unit—it corresponds to the second-hierarchy         enumeration for enumerating calculations.     -   Insight evaluation unit—it corresponds to the third-hierarchy         enumeration for enumerating insight types.

This way, the impact of adding new insight types will be restricted within the third-hierarchy insight evaluation unit, and the impact of adding new attribute types for new calculations will be restricted within the second-hierarchy calculation search unit.

Abstraction for Insight Evaluation Units

Abstraction enables adding new insight types to leverage the existing framework as much as possible. In some examples, insight evaluation units are classified into the following three categories according to the corresponding insight types, so that new insight types are likely to fall into these three categories and be easily supported by the framework.

-   -   Single point insight evaluation unit—it corresponds to the         insight types about a single subspace as the single subject, and         a calculation based on a raw attribute or an attribute pipeline         ended with a derived point-attribute.     -   Single shape insight evaluation unit—it corresponds to the         insight types about a single subspace as the single subject, and         a calculation based on an attribute pipeline ended with a         derived shape-attribute.     -   Compound insight evaluation unit—it corresponds to the insight         types about two or more subspaces.

New insight types fall into one of the above three categories, and the corresponding computing task framework is leveraged for easy supporting to the new insight type.

Ranking

Once each insight has a score, the insights are ranked according to the descending order of their corresponding scores, no matter type-wise or not. The score has two factors according to the following facts:

-   -   The following two major components of an insight are relevant         for insight scoring.         -   A subspace or two subspaces (as in an example             implementation) or a number [>2] of subspaces as the             subject(s) of the insight         -   An insight type and its statistical measure (significance)             reflecting the extent of extremeness/uncommonness of the             insight     -   The intuitions behind insight ranking principles are as follows:         -   Preference is separated across insight types, e.g., by             ranking insights type-by-type or ignoring types. When the             significance values of two insights are comparable, the             insight whose subject(s) are more important goes first.         -   When the importance of two insights' subjects are             comparable, the insight with higher significance value goes             first.

In general, one, two or a larger number of subspaces are promoted using impact—the importance of a set of records against all the records of the given dataset. For conciseness of discussion without losing generality, take the impact of one subspace as an example, and the conclusions become applicable and extensible to multiple-subspace cases.

A subspace is evaluated from multiple perspectives. The most advantaged perspective is taken for promotion. The following are multiple possible perspectives for impact evaluation.

-   -   1. Each measure column provides a potential kind of weighting         information for evaluating importance of a record and then of a         subspace against the entire dataset.     -   2. When each record corresponds to a peer entity such as a         person, a sales record, or a basic event log, an additional         imaginary measure column (i.e., Count) with equivalent weight         for each record is considered. The ratio of sum of such weights         (equivalent to the number of records) is used to reflect the         subspace importance.     -   3. An attribute pipeline is another kind of potential         perspective for impact measurement.

Based on the preceding discussion and analysis, weight normalization is conducted across those various perspectives. “Normalization” means to make different promotion criteria of different perspectives comparable—advantages over different weighting perspectives should be fair to each other with no bias. Therefore, weighting calculations are selected or even carefully constructed for normalization.

As an example implementation, proportion of non-negative values is the most fundamental normalization method. Therefore, for all those non-negative measure columns, when their default aggregation is SUM, proportion-based impact for those measure columns can be calculated with natural normalization.

Breaking of the non-negative constrain may cause trouble for normalization. The most challenging part comes from the total weight of the entire dataset would be a counterbalanced result by positive and negative values together, which might be even zero and useless for normalization. Also, there might be >100% or <−100% ratios as weights, which would be bias against other perspectives and lead to unfairness.

Therefore, perspectives that break the non-negative constrain are not used when there may be better perspectives to use. As an example implementation, using the ratio of sum of top-K values is a variant of proportion-based weight, in particular for those measure columns with average (AVG) as default aggregation. In fact this is another kind of [0, 1] ratio to replace proportion.

After scores are calculated, before outputting any insights, the top ranked insights can be sent to the diversification step, or an alternate implementation to identify meta insights. A meta insight is an organized collection of basic insights that are relevant and will collectively convey higher leveUmore sophisticated knowledge, such as shown in the following examples.

FIG. 2A shows a meta insight based on four basic insights. Because the basic insights all relate to tablet sales, they uncover a dominance chain of Sales (measured by value in million US dollars) as follows:

-   -   1. Tablet dominates All (91.58%)     -   2. Size of 9-to-10 inches dominates Tablet of all sizes (69.79%)     -   3. Screen resolution of 1024×768 dominates Tablet of size         9-to-10 inches (77.15%)     -   4. iOs based Tablet dominates Tablet of size 9-to-10 inches and         screen resolution of 1024×768 (99.09%)

From this meta insight a user may easily realize the driving factors of popular tablet sales.

FIG. 2B shows a meta insight based on three basic insights that uncover comprehensive interesting facts as follows:

-   -   1. United States is the outstanding No. 1 across all countries         regarding tablet sales in unites.     -   2. Regarding screen resolution, 1024×768 and 600×800 are         outstanding top two that jointly dominate tablet sales in the         United States.     -   3. Regarding the preceding two resolutions, their distribution         over product categories are quite different—1024×768 is mainly         for Tablet category while 800×600 is mainly for eReader         category.

From this meta insight readers may easily realize the interesting fact about resolution difference between Tablet and eReader, and the related contextual information about United States and screen resolutions.

Meta insight mining includes an insight graph data structure, with each node attached with a basic insight, and each edge representing the connection between two basic insights that are attached to the ending nodes of the edge. Also, meta insight mining includes a template-based construction algorithm for insight graph construction. The templates relate to valid connections between two insight types. A scoring model generates a score for each path (from root to leaf) of the insight graph. A distance model measures distance between two paths of the insight graph. An insight path selection algorithm is based on the preceding scoring model and a distance model.

Efficiencies

In order to improve efficiency of the insight engine 112, the insight engine 112 may implement some actions. For example, the insight engine 112 may perform:

-   -   Prioritizing computing actions for the insight candidates that         correspond to final top-ranked insights to make sure that they         will be evaluated within a time limit, and will be evaluated as         early as possible.     -   Pruning the computing actions for the insight candidates that         correspond to final low-ranked insights to save computing         resource, and prune as early as possible.

When estimating the priority of a computing action, the calculation of the impact value of its corresponding subspace(s) is performed while the calculation of the significance value of the insight is not performed. Computing actions are prioritized in a best-first fashion based on the impact of its corresponding subspace(s).

Pruning includes:

-   -   Minimum-impact threshold pruning—regarding a preset impact         threshold as the minimum impact, when a subspace(s) insight has         lower impact than the threshold, it may be pruned;     -   Dynamic top-k impact pruning—when impact and significance are         both normalized in the [0,1] interval and are combined using         their product, the final score of an insight will be no more         than its impact. In order to output the final top-k insights,         insights, whose impact values are less than a score of the         dynamic rank-k insight in the result queue, can be dynamically         pruned.     -   Redundant insight pruning—there are cases that two or multiple         subspaces differ in their definitions but correspond to the same         group of records. This happens when the values of some dimension         are deterministic according to the values of some other         dimensions. These are called redundant subspaces, and different         insights with redundant subspaces as subjects respectively are         considered as redundant insights. Thus, the redundant subspaces         are pruned to avoid generating redundant insights and save         computing resource.

Computing optimization technologies are also implemented to varying degrees. Some computing optimization technologies in high level as follows:

-   -   Optimal search ordering for subspace search units         -   Subspaces are evaluated in a bottom-up order. The bottom-up             order refers to start the enumeration from the subspace             corresponding to the full dataset, and iteratively add new             dimensions and values to the subspace definition to             enumerate higher-level subspaces;         -   Adding new dimensions for subspace enumeration will have             different orders that may lead to different performance.             Adding the dimensions with larger cardinalities lead to             better performance in that larger cardinality implies finer             breakdown of the current subspace and the impact-based             pruning may take earlier chance to prune the resultant             breakdown subspaces.     -   Preprocessing for detection of correlated measures—highly         correlated measures lead to multiple insights for the identical         subspace(s) with highly overlapped knowledge. By detecting such         correlated measures in the preprocessing stage, computing         resource for evaluating such redundant insights are saved.

Diversification

For better user perception on the resultant top-k insights, insight diversity is implemented. Evaluating insight quality only based on the scores of individual insights might lead to highly redundant knowledge recommended by the top-k insights. Therefore, an insight selection mechanisms is implemented as a post-processing action after or in conjunction with ranking. This may produce a more balanced trade-off between single-insight score and diversity.

The concept behind a desirable insight selection mechanism defines some certain potential function against insight group, and then comes up with effective and efficient algorithms seeking for optimal solutions towards maximum potential.

One example implementation of the above concept is described as follows. Starting from the potential function, for a given insight group

G _(k) ={I _(i)|0≤i≤k−1,k>1}

and a certain pairwise insight distance function D(I_(i), I_(j)), below is an appropriate potential function.

${E\left( G_{k} \right)}:={{{AVG}\left( \left\{ {{{D\left( {I_{i},I_{j}} \right)}I_{i}},{I_{j} \in G_{k}},{i \neq j}} \right\} \right)} = {\frac{2}{k\left( {k - 1} \right)}{\sum\limits_{0 \leq i < j \leq {k - 1}}{D\left( {I_{i},I_{j}} \right)}}}}$

The pairwise insight distance function D(I_(i),I_(j)) plays a key role in the potential function.

The following are factors of an insight:

-   -   T—Insight type     -   S—Subspace     -   C—Calculation     -   X—Insight score (monotonically increasing with insight         significance and/or subspace impact)

The first three factors T, S, and C do count for discreminating insights and thus help with diversifying selected insights, while X does not but it helps with insight ranking. The following sub-models for insight distance regarding the first three factors are defined respectively, as building blocks for D(I_(i), I_(j)).

-   -   D(I_(i), I_(j)):=δ(T_(i), T_(j)) (Kronecker delta, i.e., 1 for         equality and 0 for otherwise)

${D_{s}\left( {I_{i},I_{j}} \right)}:=\frac{b + c_{i} + c_{j}}{{2\alpha} + {2b} + c_{i} + c_{j}}$

-   -   -   a is the number of shared identical <dimension: value>             filters between the subspaces of I_(i) and I_(j)         -   b is the number of filters with shared identical dimension             but different value between the subspaces of I_(i) and I_(j)         -   c_(i) and c_(j) are the numbers of unique <dimension: value>             filters of the subspaces of I_(i) and I_(j), respectively

D _(C)(I _(i) I _(j)):=δ(C _(i) ,C _(j))

Then, some combination of these sub-models, such as linear combination, is used to define D(I_(i), I_(j)) as follows,

D(I _(i) ,I _(j)):=α_(T) D _(T)(I _(i) ,I _(j))+α_(S) D _(S)(I _(i) ,I _(j))+α_(C) D _(C)(I _(i) ,I _(j))

where a_(T), a_(S), and a_(C) are coefficients for the linear combination, and their values are determined by empirical tuning via experiments. In an example implementation, taking insight score X as reference weight 1.0, the three coefficients are set to a_(T)=2.0, a_(S)=1.8, and a_(C)=0.2, respectively.

Finally, an effective and efficient algorithm is used to search for optimal solutions against the potential function. The setup of the optimization problem is as follows.

-   -   Input—an insight group G with all top N auto insights for each         insight type, generated by our existing engine without this         insight diversification effort     -   Output—G_(k) with top-k auto insights having maximum potential         E(G_(k))

However, algorithms for true optimal solutions are too costly with high complexity. Therefore, light-weight algorithms using a greedy strategy is used.

1.  I⁰ := argmax_(i_(j)){X(I_(j))I_(j) ∈ G} 2.  G_(k)⁰ := {I⁰} 3.  For  m := 1  to  k-1  do $\mspace{31mu} {{a.\mspace{14mu} I^{m}}:={{argmax}_{i_{j}}\left\{ {{{X\left( I_{j} \right)} + {\frac{1}{m}{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{m - 1}{D\left( {I^{i},I_{j}} \right)}}}}{I_{j} \in {G\text{\textbackslash}G_{k}^{m - 1}}}} \right\}}}$    b.  G_(k)^(m) := G_(k)^(m − 1)⋃{I^(m)} 4.  G_(k) := G_(k)^(k − 1)

In order to greedily select next insight, the following are example adjustments:

-   -   According to the D_(S) (I_(i), I_(j)) sub-model, a more-concrete         subspace (with more filters) tends to have larger D_(S) against         more-general subspaces (with less filters). Thus concrete         subspaces would have advantage from this perspective, which is         not desirable. In practice, concrete subspaces are penalized by         multiplying a factor

$\frac{1}{1 + \lambda}$

to the component

${\frac{1}{m}{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{m - 1}{D\left( {I^{i},I_{j}} \right)}}},$

where λ is the number of filters of the most concrete subspace involved in this component.

-   -   In addition to X, bonus is granted for promoting insight types         with preset preference. For example, the negative-correlation         insight type for time-series data is relatively rare but with         even higher interest. So for the preferred insight types, the         corresponding insight is promoted by multiplying a factor η to         the insight score X. In an example implementation, set η=2.0.

Table 5 provides examples that sum up the various implementations described above.

TABLE 5 Insight category Numerical Time-based Compound Insight candidate For subspace For subspace {Toyota, USA} For subspace {Ford, SUV} and and its attribute pipeline {Ford, SUV} and its attribute Sum_(Sales) → TimeSeries_(Year), its attribute Sum_(Sales), is it the does it show Seasonality Sum_(Sales), does it Outstanding No. 1 regarding Year(s)? dominate the sales of SUV regarding of {Ford} Brand(s)? regarding Model(s)? Subject {Ford, SUV} {Toyota, USA} {Ford, SUV} subspace(s) {Ford} Calculation Sum_(Sales) Sum_(Sales) piped with Sum_(Sales) TimeSeries_(Year) Insight type Outstanding No. 1 Seasonality Attribution regarding regarding dimension Year regarding dimension Brand dimension Model Subspaces {Ford, SUV} {Toyota, USA, 2007} {Ford, SUV} involved for {Toyota, SUV} {Toyota, USA, 2008} {Ford} evaluating the {Honda, SUV} {Toyota, USA, 2009} insight candidate . . . . . .

Turning now to the flowchart of FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B, aspects of insight generation for providing insight mined from a dataset(s) of multi-dimensional data are shown.

It should be understood that the operations of the methods disclosed herein are not necessarily presented in any particular order and that performance of some or all of the operations in an alternative order(s) is possible and is contemplated. The operations have been presented in the demonstrated order for ease of description and illustration. Operations may be added, omitted, and/or performed simultaneously, without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

It also should be understood that the illustrated methods can be ended at any time and need not be performed in their entirety. Some or all operations of the methods, and/or substantially equivalent operations, can be performed by execution of computer-readable instructions included on a computer-storage media, as defined below. The term “computer-readable instructions,” and variants thereof, as used in the description and claims, are used expansively herein to include routines, applications, application modules, program modules, programs, components, data structures, algorithms, and the like. Computer-readable instructions can be implemented on various system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based, programmable consumer electronics, combinations thereof, and the like.

Thus, it should be appreciated that the logical operations described herein are implemented (1) as a sequence of computer-implemented acts or program modules running on a computing system and/or (2) as interconnected machine logic circuits or circuit modules within the computing system. The implementation is a matter of choice dependent on the performance and other requirements of the computing system. Accordingly, the logical operations described herein are referred to variously as states, operations, structural devices; acts, or modules. These operations, structural devices, acts, and modules may be implemented in software, in firmware, in special-purpose digital logic, and in any combination thereof.

As will be described in more detail below, in conjunction with FIG. 1, the operations of the routine 300 are described herein as being implemented, at least in part, by an application, component and/or circuit, such as the insight engine 112. Although the following illustration refers to the components of FIG. 1, it can be appreciated that the operations of the routine 300 may be also implemented in many other ways. For example, the routine 300 may be implemented, at least in part, by the processors 108, 118. In addition, one or more of the operations of the routine 300 may alternatively or additionally be implemented, at least in part, by a chipset working alone or in conjunction with other software modules. Any service, circuit, or application suitable for providing contextual data indicating the position or state of any device may be used in operations described herein.

With reference to FIG. 3, aspects of the routine 300 for identifying insights are shown. First, at operation 302, multi-dimensional data is received from a source or accessed by the insight engine 112 when implemented by the processor 108. The multi-dimensional data may be received from various different sources or data stores located proximate to BI computing device 100 (directly connected) or remote from BI computing device 100 (via a network connection). The multi-dimensional data that is received or accessed is based on a selection by a user as received from user computing device 102.

At operation 304, insights from subspaces of a dataset(s) of the multi-dimensional data are identified by the insight engine 112. This operation is described in more detail in the flow chart shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B.

At operation 306, indentified insights are outputted to the user computing device 102. Outputting insights may be performed various ways. An example includes outputting insights in real-time or near real-time from when the user selects and receives a dataset(s) included in the multi-dimensional data. The result provides the user with insights of the dataset(s), thus helping the user to analyze the multi-dimensional data presented to the user.

As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, operation 304 may begin at an operation 402, whereby impact values for different subspaces of a dataset are determined. The impact value as described above may be considered a comparison to an aggregate of comparable subspaces. For example, the impact value may be considered a share of the market with regard to like subspaces.

Next, at an operation 404, subspaces are prioritized based on the determined impact values for the subspaces. Operation 404 determines which subspaces should be further investigated. Due to a high volume of subspaces that may exist in a dataset, operation 404 may identify, by prioritization, those subspaces having low impact values. Those subspaces with low impact values (below a threshold) may be considered as not exhibiting enough impact to ever make a valuable insight. Thus, those subspaces below a certain impact threshold (i.e., priority) can be ignored in favor of higher priority subspaces.

At an operation 406, those subspaces above a threshold priority have a set of calculations in the form of an attribute or an attribute pipeline determined for each. In one implementation, insight engine 112 determines the calculations according to a pre-defined set of attributes and attribute pipelines for the subspaces.

Next, at an operation 408, valid types of insight is determined for each or the subspaces. Insight types are described above in Table 4. Insight type determination is based on the determined calculations of the respective subspace.

At an operation 410, insight engine 112 may determine a significance value for each insight candidate about insight type and calculation of the subspaces. Examples of significance value determinations are shown Table 4.

At an operation 412, insight scores for each of the insight candidates are determined based on the corresponding significance value and impact value. In one implementation, a product of the significance value and impact value produce the insight score. Other functions using significance values and impact values may be executed for producing a score.

At an operation 414, other ones of the prioritized subspaces have impact scores determined according to the operation 406-412.

After insight scores have been determined two different operational paths may be executed by themselves or in combination. In a first path, at an operation 420, ranking and diversifying of the subspace insights are performed based on the determined insight scores. The result of this operation may be presented on the user computing device 102 in any of a number of different formats, see operation 422.

In a second path, insights are grouped to form meta insights, see operation 426. At an operation 428, meta insights are ranked and diversified based on the scores of the subspaces of insights included within a meta insight. Then, at operation 430, the meta insights are outputted to a user computing device 102.

FIG. 5 shows additional details of an example computer architecture, for the components shown in FIG. 1, capable of executing the program components described above for providing action orchestration for servicing computing entities within complex fault domains. The computer architecture shown in FIG. 5 illustrates a console, conventional server computer, workstation, desktop computer, laptop, tablet, phablet, network appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA), e-reader, digital cellular phone, or other computing device, and may be utilized to execute any of the software components presented herein. For example, the computer architecture shown in FIG. 5 may be utilized to execute any of the software components described above. Although some of the components described herein are specific to the computing device 104, it can be appreciated that such components, and other components, may be part of the remote computer 102.

The computing device 104 includes a baseboard 502, or “motherboard,” which is a printed circuit board to which a multitude of components or devices may be connected by way of a system bus or other electrical communication paths. In one illustrative embodiment, one or more central processing units (CPUs) 504 operate in conjunction with a chipset 506. The CPUs 504 may be standard programmable processors that perform arithmetic and logical operations necessary for the operation of the computing device 104.

The CPUs 504 perform operations by transitioning from one discrete, physical state to the next through the manipulation of switching elements that differentiate between and change these states. Switching elements may generally include electronic circuits that maintain one of two binary states, such as flip-flops, and electronic circuits that provide an output state, based on the logical combination of the states of one or more other switching elements, such as logic gates. These basic switching elements may be combined to create more complex logic circuits, including registers, adders-subtractors, arithmetic logic units, floating-point units, and the like.

The chipset 506 provides an interface between the CPUs 504 and the remainder of the components and devices on the baseboard 502. The chipset 506 may provide an interface to a RAM 508, used as the main memory in the computing device 104. The chipset 506 may further provide an interface to a computer-readable storage medium, such as a read-only memory (ROM) 510 or nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) for storing basic routines that help to start up the computing device 104 and to transfer information between the various components and devices. The ROM 510 or NVRAM may also store other software components necessary for the operation of the computing device 104 in accordance with the embodiments described herein.

The computing device 104 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to remote computing devices and computer systems through a network, such as the local area network 106. The chipset 506 may include functionality for providing network connectivity through a network interface controller (NIC) 512, such as a gigabit Ethernet adapter. The NIC 512 is capable of connecting the computing device 104 to other computing devices over the network 106. It should be appreciated that multiple NICs 512 may be present in the computing device 104, connecting the computer to other types of networks and remote computer systems. The network 106 allows the computing device 104 to communicate with remote services and servers, such as the remote computer 102. In addition, as described above, the remote computer 102 may mirror and reflect data stored on the computing device 104 and host services that may provide data or processing for the techniques described herein.

The computing device 104 may be connected to a mass storage device 526 that provides nonvolatile storage for the computing device 104. The mass storage device 526 may store system programs, application programs, other program modules, and data, which have been described in greater detail herein. The mass storage device 526 may be connected to the computing device 104 through a storage controller 515, connected to the chipset 506. The mass storage device 526 may consist of one or more physical storage units. The storage controller 515 may interface with the physical storage units through a serial attached SCSI (SAS) interface, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface, a fiber channel (FC) interface, or other type of interface for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and physical storage units. It should also be appreciated that the mass storage device 526, other storage media, and the storage controller 515 may include MultiMediaCard (MMC) components, eMMC components, secure digital (SD) components, PCI Express components, or the like.

The computing device 104 may store data on the mass storage device 526 by transforming the physical state of the physical storage units to reflect the information being stored. The specific transformation of physical state may depend on various factors, in different implementations of this description. Examples of such factors may include, but are not limited to, the technology used to implement the physical storage units, whether the mass storage device 526 is characterized as primary or secondary storage, and the like.

For example, the computing device 104 may store information at the mass storage device 526 by issuing instructions through the storage controller 515 to alter the magnetic characteristics of a particular location within a magnetic disk drive unit, the reflective or refractive characteristics of a particular location in an optical storage unit, or the electrical characteristics of a particular capacitor, transistor, or other discrete component in a solid-state storage unit. Other transformations of physical media are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the present description, with the foregoing examples provided only to facilitate this description. The computing device 104 may further read information from the mass storage device 526 by detecting the physical states or characteristics of one or more particular locations within the physical storage units.

In addition to the mass storage device 526 described above, the computing device 104 may have access to other computer-readable media to store and retrieve information, such as program modules, data structures, or other data. Thus, although the orchestration module 114, the service relationship data 112, and other modules are depicted as data and software stored in the mass storage device 526, it should be appreciated that these components and/or other modules may be stored, at least in part, in other computer-readable storage media of the computing device 104. Although the description of computer-readable media contained herein refers to a mass storage device, such as a solid-state drive, a hard disk, or CD-ROM drive, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that computer-readable media can be any available computer storage media or communication media that can be accessed by the computing device 104.

Communication media include computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and include any delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics changed or set in a manner so as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media include wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

By way of example, and not limitation, computer storage media may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable, and nonremovable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. For example, computer media include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other solid-state memory technology; CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD), HD-DVD, BLU-RAY, or other optical storage; magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices; or any other medium that can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computing device 104. For purposes of the claims, the phrase “computer storage medium,” and variations thereof, do not include waves or signals per se and/or communication media.

The mass storage device 526 may store an operating system 527 utilized to control the operation of the computing device 104. According to one embodiment, the operating system comprises the Windows® operating system from Microsoft Corporation. According to further embodiments, the operating system may comprise the UNIX, Android, Windows Phone or iOS operating systems, available from their respective manufacturers. It should be appreciated that other operating systems may also be utilized. The mass storage device 526 may store other system or application programs and data utilized by the computing device 104, such as the orchestration module 114, the service relationship data 112, and/or any of the other software components and data described above. The mass storage device 526 might also store other programs and data not specifically identified herein.

In one embodiment, the mass storage device 526 or other computer-readable storage media are encoded with computer-executable instructions, which, when loaded into the computing device 104, transform the computer from a general-purpose computing system into a special-purpose computer capable of implementing the embodiments described herein. These computer-executable instructions transform the computing device 104 by specifying how the CPUs 504 transition between states, as described above. According to one embodiment, the computing device 104 has access to computer-readable storage media storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by the computing device 104, perform the various routines described above with regard to FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B and the other figures. The computing device 104 might also include computer-readable storage media for performing any of the other computer-implemented operations described herein.

The computing device 104 may also include one or more input/output controllers 516 for receiving and processing input from a number of input devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a headset, a touchpad, a touch screen, an electronic stylus, or any other type of input device. Also shown, the input/output controllers 516 are in communication with an input/output device 525. The input/output controller 516 may provide output to a display, such as a computer monitor, a flat-panel display, a digital projector, a printer, a plotter, or other type of output device. The input/output controller 516 may provide input communication with other devices such as a microphone 530, a speaker 532, game controllers, and/or audio devices. In addition, or alternatively, a video output 522 may be in communication with the chipset 506 and operate independent of the input/output controllers 516. It will be appreciated that the computing device 104 may not include all of the components shown in FIG. 5, may include other components that are not explicitly shown in FIG. 5, or may utilize an architecture completely different from that shown in FIG. 5.

Example Clauses

A: A method comprising: identifying, at a computing device, one or more subspaces of multi-dimensional data; identifying one or more attributes of the one or more subspaces; determining a set of insight candidates to be evaluated, wherein an insight candidate is determined by an insight type, one of the identified one or more attributes, and one or more of the one or more subspaces; identifying from the set of insight candidates, a plurality of insights for one or more subspaces, wherein the identifying comprises determining that either the attribute of a first one of the one or more subspaces is different than the attribute of some other ones of the two or more subspaces by a first threshold or values of the attribute of one or more of the one or more subspaces form a significant pattern or relationship, wherein the significant pattern or relationship is evaluated based on the corresponding insight type and is evaluated against a second threshold, wherein the plurality of insights comprises insights of two or more different types; ordering the identified plurality of insights; and identifying for presentation at least a portion of the plurality of insights based at least on the ordering.

B: The method of A, wherein the two or more different types of insight are included in at least one of the following categories: numerical insights including a value; time-based insights including a time component; and compound insights including insights based on two or more subspaces.

C: The method of A or B, wherein the ordering comprises: scoring at least a portion of the plurality of insights; and ranking at least a portion of the scored plurality of insights, and wherein the at least the portion of the plurality of insights identified for presentation comprises a predetermined number of toped ranked insights of the plurality of insights.

D: The method of C, wherein the scoring comprises: determining an impact value for an individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on a importance rating of the first one of the one or more subspaces, the importance rating is based on a relevance of the subspace associated with the insight to other comparable subspaces, the method further comprising at least one of: pruning one or more of the plurality of insights in response to the corresponding impact value being below a pruning threshold value, or prioritizing further operations associated with the individual one of the plurality of insights based on the determined impact value.

E: The method of C, wherein the scoring comprises: at least one of: determining an impact value for an individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on a importance rating of the first one of the one or more subspaces, the importance rating is based on a relevance of the subspace associated with the insight to other comparable subspaces or determining a significance value of the individual one of the plurality of insights; normalizing at least one of the impact value or significance value to the range [0, 1]; and determining a score for the individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on the impact value and the significance value.

F: The method of E, further comprising: for individual ones of a top k of the plurality of insights, defining a potential function based on the associated score and at least one of a subspace distance model, an attributes distance model or an insight type distance model; and determining a new order of the top k of the plurality of insights in response to maximizing the potential function for each of the ones of the top k of the identified insights.

G: The method of A, B, C, D, E or F, wherein one or more of the plurality of insights is associated with more than one subspace.

H: The method of A, B, C, D, E, F or G, wherein the one or more other subspaces comprise at least one of a sibling relationship or a parent relationship to the identified one or more subspaces.

I: The method of A, B, C, D, E, F, G or H, wherein one or more of the plurality of insights comprise more than one pipelined attribute based on the one or more attributes.

J: The method of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H or I, further comprising: identifying connections between two or more of the plurality of insights; and forming one or more meta insights based at least on the identified connections between at least two of the plurality of insights, the meta insights comprise a plurality of insights.

K: A system for providing insights, the system comprising: one or more processors; and a memory communicatively coupled to the one or more processors, the memory storing instructions that, when executed, cause the one or more processors to: identify one or more subspaces of multi-dimensional data; identify one or more attributes of the one or more subspaces; determine a set of insight candidates to be evaluated, wherein an insight candidate is determined by an insight type, one of the identified one or more attributes, and one or more of the one or more subspaces; identify from the set of insight candidates, a plurality of insights for one or more subspaces, wherein the identifying comprises determining that either the attribute of a first one of the one or more subspaces is different than the attribute of some other ones of the two or more subspaces by the threshold amount; or the attribute values of one or more of the one or more subspaces form a significant pattern or relationship, wherein the significance is evaluated based on the corresponding insight type and exceeds the threshold amount; wherein the plurality of insights comprises insights of two or more different types; order the identified plurality of insights; and identify for presentation at least a portion of the plurality of insights based at least on the ordering.

L: The system of K, wherein the ordering comprises: scoring at least a portion of the plurality of insights; and ranking at least a portion of the scored plurality of insights, and wherein the at least the portion of the plurality of insights identified for presentation comprises a predetermined number of toped ranked insights of the plurality of insights.

M: The system of L, wherein the scoring comprises: at least one of: determining an impact value for an individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on a importance rating of the first one of the one or more subspaces, the importance rating is based on a relevance of the subspace associated with the insight to other comparable subspaces or determining a significance value of the individual one of the plurality of insights; normalizing least one of the impact value or significance value to the range [0, 1]; and determining a score for the individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on the impact value and the significance value.

N: The system of L, wherein the scoring comprises: determining an impact value for an individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on a importance rating of a corresponding dataset of the multi-dimensional data, the importance rating is based on a relevance of the subspace associated with the insight to other comparable subspaces, further comprising at least one of: pruning one or more of the plurality of insights in response to the corresponding impact value being below a pruning threshold value, or prioritizing further operations associated with the individual one of the plurality of insights based on the determined impact value.

O: The system of K, L, M or N, the one or more processors further operable to: for individual ones of a top k of the plurality of insights, defining a potential function based on the associated score and one of a subspace distance model, an attributes distance model and an insight type distance model; and determining a new order of the top k of the plurality of insights in response to maximizing the potential function for each of the ones of the top k of the identified insights.

Based on the foregoing, it should be appreciated that technologies for providing action orchestration of computing entities in a complex network are provided herein. Although the subject matter presented herein has been described in language specific to computer structural features, methodological and transformative acts, specific computing machinery, and computer readable media, it is to be understood that the invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features, acts, or media described herein. Rather, the specific features, acts, and mediums are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.

The subject matter described above is provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting. Various modifications and changes may be made to the subject matter described herein without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention, which is set forth in the following claims. 

We claim:
 1. A method comprising: identifying, at a computing device, one or more subspaces of multi-dimensional data; identifying one or more attributes of the one or more subspaces; determining a set of insight candidates to be evaluated, wherein an insight candidate is determined by an insight type, one of the identified one or more attributes, and one or more of the one or more subspaces; identifying from the set of insight candidates, a plurality of insights for one or more subspaces, wherein the identifying comprises determining that (1) either the attribute of a first one of the one or more subspaces is different than the attribute of some other ones of the two or more subspaces by a first threshold or (2) values of the attribute of one or more of the one or more subspaces form a significant pattern or relationship, wherein the significant pattern or relationship is evaluated based on the corresponding insight type and is evaluated against a second threshold, wherein the plurality of insights comprises insights of two or more different types; ordering the identified plurality of insights; and identifying for presentation at least a portion of the plurality of insights based at least on the ordering.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the two or more different types of insight are included in at least one of the following categories: numerical insights including a value; time-based insights including a time component; and compound insights including insights based on two or more subspaces.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the ordering comprises: scoring at least a portion of the plurality of insights; and ranking at least a portion of the scored plurality of insights, and wherein the at least the portion of the plurality of insights identified for presentation comprises a predetermined number of toped ranked insights of the plurality of insights.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the scoring comprises: determining an impact value for an individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on a importance rating of the first one of the one or more subspaces, the importance rating is based on a relevance of the subspace associated with the insight to other comparable subspaces, the method further comprising at least one of: pruning one or more of the plurality of insights in response to the corresponding impact value being below a pruning threshold value, or prioritizing further operations associated with the individual one of the plurality of insights based on the determined impact value.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the scoring comprises: at least one of: determining an impact value for an individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on a importance rating of the first one of the one or more subspaces, the importance rating is based on a relevance of the subspace associated with the insight to other comparable subspaces or determining a significance value of the individual one of the plurality of insights; normalizing at least one of the impact value or significance value to the range [0, 1]; and determining a score for the individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on the impact value and the significance value.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising: for individual ones of a top k of the plurality of insights, defining a potential function based on the associated score and at least one of a subspace distance model, an attributes distance model or an insight type distance model; and determining a new order of the top k of the plurality of insights in response to maximizing the potential function for each of the ones of the top k of the identified insights.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of the plurality of insights is associated with more than one subspace.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more other subspaces comprise at least one of a sibling relationship or a parent relationship to the identified one or more subspaces.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of the plurality of insights comprises more than one pipelined attribute based on the one or more attributes.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying connections between two or more of the plurality of insights; and forming one or more meta insights based at least on the identified connections between at least two of the plurality of insights, the meta insights comprise a plurality of insights.
 11. A system for providing insights, the system comprising: one or more processors; and a memory communicatively coupled to the one or more processors, the memory storing instructions that, when executed, cause the one or more processors to: identify one or more subspaces of multi-dimensional data; identify one or more attributes of the one or more subspaces; determine a set of insight candidates to be evaluated, wherein an insight candidate is determined by an insight type, one of the identified one or more attributes, and one or more of the one or more subspaces; identify from the set of insight candidates, a plurality of insights for one or more subspaces, wherein the identifying comprises determining that (1) either the attribute of a first one of the one or more subspaces is different than the attribute of some other ones of the two or more subspaces by the threshold amount; (2) or the attribute values of one or more of the one or more subspaces form a significant pattern or relationship, wherein the significance is evaluated based on the corresponding insight type and exceeds the threshold amount; wherein the plurality of insights comprises insights of two or more different types; order the identified plurality of insights; and identify for presentation at least a portion of the plurality of insights based at least on the ordering.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the ordering comprises: scoring at least a portion of the plurality of insights; and ranking at least a portion of the scored plurality of insights, and wherein the at least the portion of the plurality of insights identified for presentation comprises a predetermined number of toped ranked insights of the plurality of insights.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the scoring comprises: at least one of: determining an impact value for an individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on a importance rating of the first one of the one or more subspaces, the importance rating is based on a relevance of the subspace associated with the insight to other comparable subspaces or determining a significance value of the individual one of the plurality of insights; normalizing least one of the impact value or significance value to the range [0, 1]; and determining a score for the individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on the impact value and the significance value.
 14. The system of claim 12, wherein the scoring comprises: determining an impact value for an individual one of the plurality of insights based at least on a importance rating of a corresponding dataset of the multi-dimensional data, the importance rating is based on a relevance of the subspace associated with the insight to other comparable subspaces, further comprising at least one of: pruning one or more of the plurality of insights in response to the corresponding impact value being below a pruning threshold value, or prioritizing further operations associated with the individual one of the plurality of insights based on the determined impact value.
 15. The system of claim 11, the one or more processors further operable to: for individual ones of a top k of the plurality of insights, defining a potential function based on the associated score and one of a subspace distance model, an attributes distance model and an insight type distance model; and determining a new order of the top k of the plurality of insights in response to maximizing the potential function for each of the ones of the top k of the identified insights. 